Type 1diabetes is due to deficiency of the insulin hormone, it mainly found in the children and in young adults.

Type 1 diabetes is also called as juvenile diabetes. In type 1 diabetes the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient amount of insulin hormone. The insulin hormone is very essential to convert sugar starch and other food into the energy.

In 1997 the type 1 diabetes is called as juvenile diabetes. The type 1 diabetes is the second most chronic disease mainly occurs in children. It affect nearly about in 13,000 children in US every year. It mainly affects the children below age of 14 years old.

The type 1 diabetes is one of the autoimmune diseases. It is due to congenital; it affects the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin. It leads to starvation of the body cells to glucose and there is increased blood glucose level.

The patients, who are suffering from the type 1 diabetes mellitus, must take insulin injections daily. And also they should be under restricted dietary measure. The type 1 diabetes patient should have to perform daily regular exercises.

The persons who are having type 1diabetes must have well balanced diet, there is neither excessive nor less sugar diet, and excessive sugar content leads to hyperglycemia, where as less sugar content leads hypoglycemia, which is also fatal one.

Prolonged hyperglycemia due to absence of insulin for longer period causes ketoacidosis, it the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, because our cells use lipids for energy in place of glucose. When there is increase in the amount of ketone bodies, it leads to slow down in the body functions end in coma and death.

Causes of type 1 diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes is  idiopathic.
• Due to congenital malformation of the pancreas,
• Autoimmune disorder also causes type 1 diabetes.
• Any bacterial or viral infections to the pancreas also causes diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is autoimmune disease that means the autoimmune disorder is due to, when our body immune system fights against the infections; there is a chance of destruction of the body parts like pancreas. The immune system attacks the beta cells, which produce the hormone insulin, and destroy them. So there is lack of production of the insulin leads to type 1diabetes.

Still it is believed that the type 1diabetes is autoimmune, hereditary and due to environmental factors.

Symptoms of type 1diabetes

The symptoms of type 1diabetes includes

Polydypsia : it means there is increased thirst due to frequent urination. The patient should give more water to drink.

Polyphagia : there is increase in appetite, even though the excess of glucose in the blood, the cells cannot utilize the glucose due to lack of insulin. So it stimulates the alimentary canal to get more food. The patient should give small and frequent diet.

Polyuria : due increased glomerular filtration rate, there is frequent filling of the bladder, which stimulates the micturation reflex causing frequent urination. The patient will be under risk of getting urinary tract infections.

Fatigue : this is the one of the most important symptom, when the cells fail to utilize the glucose in the blood; they undergo starvation and become easily fatigued.
Weight loss: there is sudden decrease in the weight will occur.

Blurred vision : the type 1 diabetes causes blurred vision due to less supply of the glucose to cells in the eye. There is decrease in the opacity of the lens, and also it causes cataract and finally lead to diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision.

Complications of type 1 diabetes

There are two types of complications of type 1 diabetes are there, they are

Acute complications : hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis

Chronic complications : chronic complications are classified in to three types, they are
Macro vascular : including coronary artery disease, cerebro-vascular disease, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and infection.
Micro vascular : including retinopathy and nephropathy.

Neuropathic : including sensorymotor and autonomic dysfunction. This neuropathic complications includes

Sensory motor neuropathy

Autonomic neuropathy : this consists of papillary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary.
And also sometimes mixed vascular and neuropathic disease is present. It causes leg and foot ulcers.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

The treatment of type 1 diabetes includes only with the insulin therapy. Some of the instructions are included below.

Medical management of type 1 diabetes

Medical management for the patient with type 1 diabetes includes restoring and maintaining blood glucose levels to as near normal as possible by balancing diet, exercise, and the use of the insulin therapy.

Regulate blood glucose

Promote proper nutrition: dietary management is an essential component of diabetes care and management. Some specific goals includes

• Improving blood glucose and lipid levels
• Providing consistency in day-to –day food intake
• Facilitating weight management and
• Providing adequate nutrition for all stages of life.
• By promoting regular physical activities

There should be a proper consistent exercises should be followed to maintain the blood glucose level and precautions should be taken to prevent the hypoglycemia.

Medications for type 1 diabetes

Insulin therapy

Because the patient does not produce excess insulin to maintain the body glucose level, he should depend on the exogenous insulin administration. Insulin is administered subcutaneously to slower the absorption and made for long acting.

Insulin dosage for type 1diabetes: it is about 0.5 unit/kg/day. It is administered subcutaneously.

Methods of insulin administration includes

Insulin pump therapy here a small portable pump is attached to the site.
Self injection includes the jet injectors which are needle free.

Surgical treatment for type 1diabetes

It includes the pancreas and kidney transplantation. Here the patient own pancreas left intact and the new pancreas is anestamosed to iliac artery and vein. The pancreas is placed in lower pelvic cavity and the duct is connected to urinary bladder.