Shigellosis is the diarrhoeal disease caused due infection by the bacteria called Shigella. Hence this diarrhea is called as shigellosis.

Symptoms of shigellosis, What are the symptoms of shigelloses?

The main symptom of shigellosis or shigella infection is diarrhoea, fever and vomiting sensation.

Most of the times vomiting associated with stomach cramps is the symptom of shigellosis.

Presence of blood or mucous in the faeces is also the symptom of diarrhea caused by shigella bacteria.

The symptoms of shigellosis usually remain for three to seven days, after an infection is established in the human body.

In some cases, the Symptoms last for 4-7 days or longer also.

Only some individuals remain with out symptom, even after an infection of diarrhea is established.

How the shigellosis spread?

Faecal-oral route is the main channel which transmits the infection from one person to another person, through direct or indirect contact. The shigellosis spreads in the following ways

If the hands were not cleansed well after toilet usage,

Some other activities between spouses with reproductive organs etc can cause shigellosis.

Eating the food contaminated with the diarrhea causing bacteria also causes the shigellosis diarrhea.

Some persons having the shigella bacteria in their feces may not show any symptoms of diarrhea but, can transmit the disease to other, as passive transmitters.

Risk persons of getting shigellosis

Persons of any age group can get affected with shigellosis.

Children are at high of getting shigellosis.

Persons with low immunity and

Elderly people are at risk of getting shigellosis.

Prevention of shigelloses, How to prevent Diarrhea?

Washing the hands thoroughly after the toilet helps better in prevention of shigellosis.

The mothers should wash the hands after changing the nappies to the children.

Washing the vegetables and green leafs repeatedly before cooking is important.

One should wash the hand before serving the food.

Bed rest during the diarrhea is important to prevent further spreading to others.

Food handlers such as kitchen staffs, waiters and butchers should not go to work during the shigellosis or diarrhea.

People with high risk job should be cautious to prevent spreading of bacterial diarrhea.

People with diarrhea should not prepare the food in the home.

Children should not swim for 48 hours after shigellosis or bacterial diarrhea.

Diagnosis of shigellosis or bacterial cholera

Diagnosis of shigellosis is done by isolation of Shigella bacteria from given stool specimen.

The history collection by the doctor also helps in diagnosing diarrhea.

Treatment of shigellosis or bacterial diarrhea

Antibiotics are the ideal choice of drugs to treat shigellosis.

The drug reduces the intensity of diarrhea and severities of diarrhea are give for the treatment of diarrhea.

Adequate fluid intake is suggested as a preventive measure for the prevention of dehydration in diarrhea affected patient.

Infants, children and old age people need extra attention as they get dehydrated very easily.

Early hospitalization helps in treatment of diarrhea and to prevent further complications of diarrhea.

The complications of diarrhea may include dehydration, fatigue, shock etc.

Chickenpox is the viral disease caused by the virus herpes zoster. Varicella-Zoster virus is another name of the chickenpox virus.

Even though all age group are affected with chicken pox viral infection, children and immuno suppressed persons are at risk. The symptoms are mild in the children and the symptoms are severe in the adults with low immunity.

If the pregnant mother is affected with herpes zoster viral infection, may cause deformities in the baby such as foetal malformations, scaling of skin and other problems.

Before an effective vaccine was introduces for chicken fox, the disease was common has troubled many lives. The effective introduction of vaccine in the year 2006 has reduced the chances of the herpes zoster viral infection.

Symptoms of Chickenpox – viral disease

Sudden onset of mild fever, runny nose, fatigue, and skin rash are the common symptoms of chicken pox.

The rashes are characterized by small lumps, which later turns into blisters are the main symptoms of chickenpox.

The rashes become clearly visible after three to four days, and rashes develop day to day.

For first two weeks of infection, the people show no symptoms and are seen only after ten to fifteen days of infection establishment.

In many people, no treatment is needed for chickenpox or Varicella-Zoster virus infection. The individuals recover after some days without complication.

Only in some individuals, the infection causes the complication such as  pneumonia and encephalitis.

The chicken pox infection rarely becomes fatal.

Transmission of the disease

The chicken pox viral disease is transmitted by coughing.

When an individual come in contact with the fluid from chickenpox blisters, this causes viral disease.

If once chickenpox occurs, the individual will have very less risks of getting the infection again.

The persons who have got immunization against chickenpox have no risk of getting chicken pox infection. People rarely get chickenpox twice.

Diagnosis of chickenpox…

History collection and physical examination are the main diagnostic procedures for chickenpox.

The samples taken from blister fluid, helps in viral disease diagnosis

Who have the risk of getting chicken pox?

People who were not vaccinated are at risk of getting chickenpox.

Children are the risk group of getting chickenpox.

The individual who have not got an infection previously and not immunized have the risk of getting chickenpox viral infection.

Prevention of chickenpox, how is it prevented?

Compulsory vaccine is suggested for children at the age of 18 months.

If the children have not vaccinated previously, should be vaccinated at the age of 14 years.

Usually the booster dose of chickenpox vaccine is given after one or two months.

Vaccination is recommended for people with high risk such as health care workers, people living with infected children, pregnancy women, and household persons who come in contact with infected person and immunosuppressed should get vaccine for prevention of chickenpox.

Chickenpox affected persons should not be sent to schools and to be isolated for prevention of chicken pox viral infection.

Chickenpox infected persons should cover their nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, to prevent spreading of bacteria and should not share food or utensils.

Especially the pregnant women should avoid the chickenpox infected persons.

Children, aged people and individuals with low immunity should be cautious to prevent the chickenpox viral infection.

Coelic disease is the genetic disease characterized by permanent intolerance to dietary protein such as Wheat, barley, oats etc. The common problem of Coelic disease is mal absorption. If not treated the disease may turn into gastrointestional malignancy such as carcinoma of oesophagus, oesophagus, or bowel lymphoma etc. the intolerable protein by the Coelic disease is called as Gluten.

Causes of Coelic disease, what is the cause of Coelic disease?

In coeliac disease, the small intestine cells are damaged and causes flattening of the tiny, finger like projections called villi. Villi are present in small intestine which helps in absorbing the nutrients present in food material. The damaged villi become unable to break down the food material and proper absorption doesn’t takes place.

Incidence of Coelic disease

The incidence of coeliac disease is high in European countries. As pre studies at least 1 in 100 people is affected with Coelic disease.

Women are more affected with small intestine disorder than men.

The increased awareness in the people has reduced the incidences of Coelic disease or disorder.

Symptoms of Coelic disease, What are the symptoms of colic disorder?

Malabsorption is one of the main symptom of Coelic disease.

Iron and folate absorption is greatly reduced with intestine disorder and causes Iron and folate deficiency as the symptom of Coelic disease.

Anemia occurs due to deficiency of Iron and folate.

General weakness, fatigue and lethargy occurs due to lack of nutrients in the body.

The Malabsorption leads to the deficiency of many vitamins such as Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Vitamin B12. Deficiency of these vitamins causes many other disorders in the body.

Diarrhea or constipation may occur as the symptoms of Coelic disease or small intestine disorder.

Nausea, vomiting and mouth ulcers are the other symptoms of Coelic disease or small intestine disorder.

Weight loss, bruising of the skin,

Joint pain,

Miscarriages,

Infertility,

Low calcium level in the body,

Muscle spasms and dermatitis are the main symptoms of Coelic disease or small intestine disorder.

The symptoms in the children includes

Dental abnormalities,

Retarded growth of child,

Delayed attainment of puberty and

Irritability, are the main symptoms of coelic disease.

Diagnosis of coelic disease

Endoscopy is the main procedure done to diagnose coelic disease. The Endoscopy shows typical damage to the lyning of the small intestine or villie.

Biopsies of duodenum and proximal jejunum are also taken for the diagnosis of coelic disease. Duodenum and jejunum are the parts of small intestine.

The blood test to measure antibodies to gluten is done as the diagnostic test.

Commonly preferred tests are antigliadin antibody test (AGA) and endomysial antibody (EMA) test. These two are IgA antibodies.

The blood test for antibody to tTG is the most commonly used test for screening of intestine disorder.

The diet should be given as usual, before the procedure also.

A gluten free diet should never be started before an endoscopy or blood tests, as it will interfere with establishing the correct diagnosis and may delay the diagnosis of another condition with similar symptoms.

Treatment – How is the coelic disease treated?

Gluten free diet for lifelong period is the main treatment for coelic disease.

Treating the cause of the colic disease helps in treating the colic disorder.

The medications are prescribed as per the need of the disease condition.

The nutrient diet should be provided to overcome the deficiencies of certain vitamins.

In some cases the surgery is also necessary for treatment of colic disease or intestinal disorder.

Infection of the liver caused by the virus called hepatitis B gives the disease name Hepatitis B. Hepatitis is the term used to indicate the inflammation or swelling of the liver tissue.

After establishing the infection, the person may get clear the infection or the disease may present chronically. Some individuals may become carriers of the disease without showing any symptoms.

If the Hepatitis infection becomes chronic, the individual will have the liver infection for the life time. 90% of the infants who gets hepatitis become chronically infected for life time. 20 to 50 % of children aged between 1 to 5 years with hepatitis will get chronic hepatitis B liver infection.

The untreated chronic Hepatitis B for the long time may result in cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B, what are the symptoms of hepatitis B?

In the initial period the affected individual may not show any symptoms.

The common symptoms of Hepatitis include Jaundice, characterized by yellowish skin and urine.

Fatigues, abdominal pain, are the symptoms of Hepatitis B.

Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting are the important gastro intestinal symptoms of hepatitis B.

Joint pain is also one of the symptoms of Hepatitis B.

These are the main signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B.

Transmission of the disease

Hepatitis B is transmitted to other individuals when the blood or bodily fluids which contain Hepatitis B are entered into the body. The body fluids which can transmit the Hepatitis B include saliva, semen and the reproductive secretions.

The virus is transmitted through damaged skin, ruptured Mucous membranes when come in contact with infected material.

The contaminated injecting devices such as needles, syringes can also transfer the hepatitis B disease to others.

Hepatitis B can be transmitted from the infected mother to the baby.

Risks of getting hepatitis B

Spouses with one having hepatitis B infection are at risk of getting the infection.

Drug users who share the common needle are at risk of Hepatitis B viral infection of liver.

People with multiple partners may get Hepatitis B.

Patients under Haemodialysis,

Health care workers who doesn’t practice aseptic techniques,

People in the home who in contact with the body fluids of the infected person, are at risk of getting the hepatitis b infection.

Prevention of Hepatitis B

Immunization against Hepatitis B is the effective measure of the prevention of Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for

All babies at birth, two, four and six months of age. Hepatitis B vaccine is made compulsory immunization schedule in hospitals to prevent hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccine is administered to children at the age of 12, whom have not got the infection during the childhood.

Persons who live with infected person should get vaccinization against Hepatitis B.

Injecting drug users should get Hepatitis B vaccine Immunization, for prevention of hepatitis B.

The following people should get immunized with hepatitis vaccine

Haemodialysis patients,

Individual who receive blood products for treatment of clotting disorders,

Persons with chronic liver disease or hepatitis C infection,

Health care workers who works for persons with intellectual disabilities,

Health care providers should get Immunization with Hepatitis B vaccine for prevention of Hepatitis B vaccine.

Avoiding contact with infected objects or body fluids of hepatitis B infected individual is important for prevention of hepatitis B.

Health education is important for prevention of hepatitis B liver disease.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis B

A blood test reveals the infection of liver with hepatitis B virus.,

Liver function test shows any damage to the liver.

The enzyme levels in the liver are also tested during hepatitis B diagnosis.

CT scan is done, as diagnostic procedure to know any damage to the liver.

Hepatitis B treatment, how to treat hepatitis?

Even though the anti viral treatment is not effective, is provided to many patients.

Patient should not drink alcohol, as it worsens the disease.

Absolute bed is provided and changes in food should be made for the patients with hepatitis B. The doctor will determine the treatment of hepatitis B, according to need of the patient.

Talk to your doctor about possible treatments. People with chronic hepatitis B infection should take care of their livers and have hepatitis A vaccination if not already immune. Drinking alcohol can make you liver disease worse.

Meningococcal disease is the disorder which may cause the meningitis or septicemia. Meninges is the layer which covers the brain and spinal cord. Some times the Meningococcal disease also causes septic arthritis, pneumonia and even conjunctivitis also.

Individual with meningococcal disease feel uneasiness and becomes fatigue very quickly. Meningococcal disease need very intensive care and instead of treatment, people may die if the disease in an advanced stage.

Meningococcus bacteria is the main causative organism of Meningococcal disease. The serogroup B is the group susceptible of Meningococcal disease and no effective vaccine is identified against Meningococcal disease in serogroup B.

The meningococcal bacterium gets hosts at the back of the nose and throat.

Symptoms of Meningococcal disease

Important symptoms of Meningococcal disease are

• Sudden onset of disease,
• Headache,
• Stiffness in the neck,
• Joint pain,
• Rashes on the skin,

Headache increases with exposure to the bright light, are the main symptoms of Meningococcal disease.

Some individuals will experience some of the symptoms and all the symptoms may not be present in the single patient.

The children with Meningococcal disease, become irritable and feels fatigue. The babies cry with much discomfort.

The Meningococcal disease may be associated with respiratory infection.

The Meningococcal disease needs immediate medical treatment as per the need.

The Meningococcal disease causing bacteria will not spread easily from one person to other, because the bacteria will not survive outside the human body.

The bacterium is transmitted by sharing food, drinks or cigarettes.

Diagnosis of meningococcal disease

Patient’s history and physical examination helps in diagnosis of meningococcal infection.

Blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid are tested for the bacteria and this test confirms the meningococcal disease. The procedure of obtaining CSF is done using aseptic technique.

Prevention of meningococcal disease

Using the effective vaccine helps in prevention of meningococcal disease. The vaccine

Meningococcal C is recommended for children at the age of one year,

The vaccination is not available for group B meningococcal disease.

Treatment of meningococcal disease

Antibiotics are the important drugs used for the treatment of meningococcal disease. The antibiotics are usually administered through intravenous route.

Adequate bed rest is important for restoration of health.

Allergy is the reaction produced in the body by the over active immune system against any material in the environment that comes in contact with body and found as foreign body. The chemical substance produced

During the allergic reaction is called as antibody IgE. The substance which acts as foreign body is called as antigen.

Allergy is characterized by sudden immune reactions, which are mild to life threatening.

Anaphylaxis is the medical term given for the sudden allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can occur when a susceptible individual is exposed to an allergen such as food allergy or insect sting allergy. Most of the allergic reactions occur suddenly with an exposure to foreign body and these allergic reactions may last long for some hours. Anaphylaxis

Reactions need immediate medical care and hospitalization to prevent fatal condition of allergic reaction.

Inhalation allergy

An allergy occurs with inhalation of dust is called as dust allergy. The dust allergy occurs when the suspended particulate matter is inhaled into body. These allergic reactions are characterized by sneezing, itching in the nose, irritation in the throat, runny nose, etc. This type of allergic reaction is treated with allergic medications such as cetrizine, chlorpenaramine etc. Bronchitis and other respiratory diseases becomes worsen with dust allergy.

Food allergy

Allergic reaction which occurs with ingestion of particular food is called as food allergy. Allergy may occur in some patients with ingestion of particular oil prepared food, non vegetarian food, hotel food etc. The food allergy is characterized by itching all over the body, red plaques and reddening of skin. Vomiting may occur in some patients, as the symptom of food allergy. Immediate medical treatment is necessary to prevent the complications. The food which causes allergy should be avoided.

Medication allergy

Certain drugs or medications causes allergy when they are administered into the body in some individuals. This is called drug induced anaphylactic reaction. The penicillin antibiotics have more chances to cause anaphylactic reactions in some individuals. Immediate hospitalization and medical care is must for treating the medical allergy. The drug induced allergy includes mild to fatal allergic reactions. The sensitive drugs to be administered after giving the test dose and confirming the drug is not allergic and the person is not sensitive to particular drug.

Chemical allergy

When some persons are exposed to certain chemicals, the get allergic reactions is called chemical allergy. As the skin surface is touched with chemicals, It causes skin allergy or dermatitic allergy. Some individual skin is also sensitive to sunlight and causes sun burns when exposed to direct sun light. Applying sun burn lotion is the remedy for this type allergy.

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the basic biological substance present in all the living beings. The DNA are called as Genes. DNA is mainly responsible for the individual character, individual structure, and what we call as genetic inheritance. DNA is present in the chromosomes and are transmitted from parents to offspring. DNA is present in every cell of an individual or organism. All the individuals on the earth are different and no individual have similar DNA. Hence DNA or Genes provides different identity to all individuals on the earth.

Functions and importance of DNA/Genes

Usually the DNA or Gene is present in the cell nucleus and present in every cells of an organism. DNA is also found in mitochondria in minute quantity. The chain of the DNA is called as chromosomes. Different species have different number of chromosomes, and different number of genes. When we say that, the individual acts like the father or mother, looks like the father or mother, it is only because of the genetics or DNA. The intellectual capacity, fairness, short and long stature, general physic and etc are determined by the parental gene or DNA genetic material. The mutation or change in these gene or DNA during pregnancy can cause physical or mental abnormality in the baby born. Hence the function of DNA is very important.

DNA has the capability of self replication, and produces an identical copy. DNA or Gene is made up of double helix structure consisting twisted nucleotides and the two coils are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. The complimentary base pairs of DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and guanine. The arrangement of these nucleotides in the DNA is mainly responsible for determining individual hereditary characters. The chrosomes are transmitted from parents to the offspring or child through the chromosomes present in the cells.

DNA is established in an individual during the conception period itself and permanent for the entire living period of an individual. Half of DNA is received from mother and half of DNA is derived from Father. This DNA or Genes carries the parental character from parents to the younger ones. In human beings, 23 pairs of chromosomes, and total chromosomes are responsible for bringing inheritance or genetical character.

What is DNA test ?

DNA test is done to find biological relations of an individual. As per genetics, the offspring must have the parental genes or DNA. When the child’s parental genes need to know, the sample of DNA is collected with help of buccal swabs (oral swabs). These swabs are tested in the medical laboratory and the trait or nature of DNA is found during DNA test. When the similar sample material from the mother or father is tested, the DNA genetic material shows the similar characteristics.  Is case of suspicion, the suspected person’s sample is tested and compared with the child and confirms the father when the suspicious person and children’s DNA shows the similar biological characters.

During criminal usage, the blood, saliva, hairs are tested for DNA genes or chrosomes and compared to the suspected individual chrosomal DNA.

Sciatica is the nerve disorder characterized by pain along the path of nerve, weakness, numbness and tingling sensation in the affected leg. Excess pressure on the nerve and compression of the nerve root is the main cause of sciatica nerve pain. Sciatica is not a disease and is the symptom of some other problems such as inter vertebral disc problem.

Causes of sciatica

Excess pressure on the nerve due to compression is the main cause of sciatica nerve disorder. Sciatica nerve has origin in the lower spinal cord and it passes down by the back side of legs. The supply is responsible for the muscle movement in the backside of the leg, knee and lower leg and is mainly responsible for sensation in that region.

Inter vertebral disc prolapse or slip disk is the main cause of sciatica.

Fracture of the spinal cord which causes injury to the sciatica nerve also cause sciatica nerve problem.

Presence of tumors and

The presence of tumor is the main causes of sciatica.

These are the main causes of sciatica nerve pain.

Symptoms of sciatica

• Pain through the path of the nerve is the main symptom of sciatica. The sciatica pain is associated with tingling sensation or numbness in the leg. The intensity of the pain depends on the level of injury to the nerve. The pain increases with the increased stress on the nerve by the physical work load. Sometime the pain is severe as the person can’t perform the daily living activities also. Usually one leg is affected and sometime both may get sciatica.

• The person may experience the pain in the back thigh region, calf muscles or at hip region. The sciatica pain increases with work such as standing, long walk, heavy work etc. The pain increases during night due to stress during day time.

• Discomfort, lack of interest in doing activities and

• Reduced working capacity is the symptoms of sciatica.

Signs of sciatica

• Reduced knee movement,
• Difficulty while standing for long time,
• Difficulty in walking,
• Poor reflexes are the main signs of sciatica.

Treatment of sciatica

In some cases rest is the best treatment and the symptom gets over by time. Rest should be provided for long period of time for some weeks or months, as per doctor’s advice.

Treating the underlying cause is the main aim of sciatica treatment. The physical test and proper diagnosis helps in identifying the cause of sciatica.

Conservative treatment such as

Heat or cold application on the affected area reduces the sciatica pain.

Muscle relaxants and analgesics help in relieving pain.

Application of traction is very useful treatment for relieving sciatica pain.

The patient should avoid

• Prolonged standing,
• Weight lifting,
• Work which cause pain, etc.

Exercises helps lot in relieving sciatica pain and exercises should be done with doctor’s advice, as per sciatica treatment requirement.

Prevention of sciatica

Prevent the vertebral disc related problems is the best preventive measure of sciatica prevention.

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called as pleural effusion. Pleural cavity is the space present between the chest and the lungs. Normally some amount of fluid is produced from the tissues to act as a lubricant. When the pleural fluid is produced in excess quantity is pooled in the space and called as pleural effusion.

Causes of pleural effusion

Excess production of the fluid is the main cause of pleural effusion. An abnormal collection of fluid occurs due some other problem in the body.

Pleural effusion is of two types

Transudative pleural effusions: This type of effusion occurs when the fluid leaks into the pleural space. The increased pressure in the blood vessels or low protein content in the blood is the main cause pleural effusion. Congestive heart failure is an important cause of Transudative pleural effusion.

Exudative pleural effusions: This type of pleural effusion is caused by inflammation in the tissues or blocking of blood vessels. Injury to the lungs and drug adverse reactions also causes Exudative pleural effusions.

Symptoms of pleural effusion

Chest pain with sharp pain is the main symptom of pleural effusion. The sharp pain increases with cough or with inhalation of air. This is an important symptom of pleural effusion.

Difficulty while coughing,

The rate breathing increases,

The breath becomes short, and

Hiccups are also the symptoms of pleural effusion.

Diagnosis of pleural effusion

Physical examination helps in diagnosis of pleural effusion.

Chest x-Ray helps in identifying collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.

CT scan of chest helps for well diagnosis of pleural effusion.

Ultrasound scan is also useful in pleural effusion diagnosis.

Thoracentesis is an important procedure, in which the sample of pleural fluid is obtained by inserting the needle into the pleural cavity.

Treatment of pleural effusion

The aim of pleural effusion treatment includes

• Removing the excess fluid collected,
• Preventing the further excess production of pleural fluid, and
• To treat the underlying cause is the main treatment option for pleural effusion.

The medical treatment is given according to the cause of the pleural effusion. If the effusion is caused due to congestive heart failure, is treated by administering the diuretic drugs. These drugs reduce the body fluid and helps in treatment.

The pleural effusion caused by bacterial infection is treated by administering antibiotic drugs.

Thoracentesis is the main surgical procedure used for the treatment of pleural effusion. The aseptic needle is inserted into pleural cavity between the ribs and the excess fluid is aspired. This procedure reduces the pressure and helps in easy breathing. The aspiration of fluid is also done by using intercostal drain.

Chemotherapy is done if the pleural effusion is related to cancerous tissues. Radiation therapy is also given in such cases.

These are the main treatment for pleural effusion.

Complications of pleural effusion

If the collection of fluid sustains for long period, the lung will be damaged.

The collected fluid gets infected, causes abscess in the lung tissues and finally causes empyema, an important complication.

Pneumothorax, the collection of air in the chest cavity is also an important complication related to thoracentesis.

Glaucoma is the eye disorder characterized by damage to the optic nerve which carries information from eyes to brain. Increased pressure in the eye or the increased intraocular pressure is the main cause of glaucoma eye disease.

Types of glaucoma

The main types of glaucoma are as follows

• Open-angle glaucoma or chronic glaucoma,
• Angle-closure glaucoma or acute glaucoma,
• Congenital glaucoma and
• Secondary glaucoma

Causes of glaucoma

Aqueous humor is the fluid present in the eye which makes the eyes wet and prevents from drying. This eye fluid is clear in nature and is synthesized in the posterior part of the eye balls. The aqueous humor fluid comes to front of eye ball through the channel present in the side angle of the eye. When this open angle becomes blocked partially or completely, leads to increased pressure in the ocular chamber. This increased ocular pressure causes stress on optic nerve. The increased intra ocular pressure for prolonged time causes damage to visual nerve and finally causes loss of vision.

This open angle glaucoma develops slowly and gradually, hence is called as chronic glaucoma. The open angle glaucoma is more common of glaucoma. Even though the exact cause of open angle glaucoma is not known, the individual may get open angle glaucoma through inheritance. If the father or grandfather had a history of open angle glaucoma, the younger one have chance to get chronic type glaucoma. African people have high risk of getting of open angle glaucoma. This blockage of angle in the eye and damage to the optic nerve occurs chronically or gradually and painless.

Closed angle glaucoma occurs due to blockage of exit of aqueous humor from eye ball. The increase in intraocular pressure causes pain in the eye ball. The angular block of eye occurs suddenly in acute glaucoma. Angle-closure glaucoma or acute glaucoma is the medial emergency and need immediate treatment. Is the acute glaucoma occur in one eye, there is a risk to get glaucoma in another eye and preventive treatment is important.

Eye drops used to dilate pupil may cause an acute glaucoma attack.

Congenital glaucoma is present by birth itself. Congenital glaucoma also occurs by inheritance. This glaucoma develops in the womb itself due to abnormal development in structures of eye.

Secondary glaucoma is developed by some other causes such as

• Use of corticosteroids drugs,
• Uveitis and other eye disorders, and
• Systemic diseases in the body may cause secondary glaucoma.

Symptoms of open angle glaucoma are

The open angle glaucoma patient may not show any symptoms in the beginning but they will lose the vision gradually.

Tunnel vision is the main symptom of open angle glaucoma, which is characterized by loss of peripheral vision.

Symptoms of angle closure Glaucoma

Sudden eye pain with severe intensity,

Cloudy poor vision is the symptom of angle closure Glaucoma.

The person experiences rainbow like halos around lights,

The eyes may become red and

The swollen eyes are the main symptoms of angle closure Glaucoma.

The symptoms of angle closure Glaucoma develops suddenly and the absent of symptoms is also present for some time.

Symptoms of congenital glaucoma

The symptoms are seen after the birth of the baby or few months later.

Cloudiness is present in front of the eyes of baby.

One or both eyes are enlarged are the symptom of congenital glaucoma.

The infant’s eyes are sensitive to light and continuous tears flows form the newborn’s eye.

These are the main symptoms glaucoma of different types.

Treatment of glaucoma

Reducing eye pressure is the main treatment aim of glaucoma treatment. The treatment is given on the basis of cause and the type of glaucoma. The treatment option includes both medical treatment and surgical treatment. Trabeculectomy is the common conventional surgery done for glaucoma treatment.

Treatment of Open-angle glaucoma..

Eye drops area the best choice of treatment for open-angle glaucoma. The combination of drops with higher efficacy and lower adverse effects are administered to reduce eye pressure associated with glaucoma. Oral medications are also used to reduce the eye pressure. Painless laser treatment is also given to some patients. The surgery is done in the complicated cases and the new out flow channel for aqueous fluid is done.

Treatment of Angle-closure glaucoma includes…

Acute angle-closure glaucoma need immediate treatment as this is a medical emergency. If not treated, the person may lose the eyes vision permanently. If the angle-closure is not treated with the oral medications, intravenous medications and eye drops, finally the iridotomy surgery is done.

The surgery is done using the laser to open a new channel in the iris part of eye. The new channel helps in relieving eye pressure and prevents further glaucoma attack.

Treatment Congenital glaucoma

The surgical treatment is compulsory to treat the congenital glaucoma. The surgery is done with much care by the experienced ophthalmologist.